Composite
41.7 / 100 percentile
Screener / 445411
B
APPLINGWOOD POST ACUTE
snfTN
1536 APPLING CARE LANE, CORDOVA, TN 38018 · CCN 445411 · chain LINKS HEALTHCARE GROUP LLC
Peer group
snf n = 14,684
Evidence depth
deep
Certified beds
78
Model
v1.2
Reads as: riskier than 41.7% of the 14,684 facilities in the snf peer group. percentile within peer group, 100 = highest risk. Grade bands are fixed percentile cuts (F is the top 5% of peer risk), so a grade is a position, not an absolute level.
Score model5Components16CHOW radar1Distress radar1Staffing16Penalties1Deficiencies10Licensure0Ownership19Related party5Transactions1Comps12Market rent34
Composite explanation
5| Component | Percentile | Raw | Weight | Weight share | Contribution | Counts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| billing conduct | 69.3 | 47.3 | 0.30 | 0.2308 | 15.99 | in index |
| regulatory risk | 66.6 | 59.9 | 0.30 | 0.2308 | 15.37 | in index |
| staffing risk | 48.5 | 48.5 | 0.25 | 0.1923 | 9.33 | in index |
| financial risk | 13.4 | 22.1 | 0.30 | 0.2308 | 3.09 | in index |
| chow risk | 14.3 | 19.7 | 0.15 | 0.1154 | 1.65 | in index |
weighted_contribution sums to pre_rank_index over rows where counts_toward_index is true. The composite is the facility's percentile position of that index within its peer group, so contributions explain the input, and the rank explains the score.
Component scores and registry models
16| Score type | Score | Grade | Model | Status | Registry model notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| billing conduct | 47.3 | C | v0.1-pacpuf-snf | default · in composite | R22. PAC PUF SNF 2023. PDPM coding intensity vs acuity, stay length, charge markup. |
| chow risk | 12.8 | A | v0.1-pos | default · in composite | Change-of-ownership footprint in the CMS Provider of Services file: control-family, legal-name and address deltas across quarterly snapshots, plus certification reset recency and Medicare tenure. |
| chow risk | 26.7 | B | v0.6 | default · in composite | |
| financial risk | 22.1 | A | v0.5 | default · in composite | R18. |
| p adverse action 12m | 0.0 | — | v0.1 | default · in composite | R23/W4-3. Deterministic logistic p(Medicare termination within 12m), SNF only. Label = first POS termination date (any code: voluntary closure, involuntary termination, merger exit); facilities already terminated by the panel date are excluded, not counted as safe. Trained on panels 2024-07/2024-10/2025-01 (n=46,466, 283 positives), evaluated on the held-out later panel 2025-04 BEFORE shipping: AUC 0.971, top-decile lift 9.5x, top-decile capture 95.4% of the 65 terminations that followed. Separability is high because closures announce themselves in the data: collapsing occupancy is the strongest signal, and the learned NEGATIVE weight on 12m deficiency counts is the surveys-stop signature of a facility winding down, not a claim that clean inspections are dangerous. Same 15 as-of-date features and anti-leakage chassis as p_chow_12m; SFF entry rejected as a label (only one month of SFF history exists, so as-of transitions cannot be reconstructed). Score = probability x 100; grade NULL. Not in any composite. |
| p chow 12m | 0.0 | — | v0.1 | default · in composite | R22/W4-2. Deterministic logistic p(CHOW within 12m), SNF only. Trained on panels 2024-07/2024-10/2025-01 (n=50,700, 1,207 positives), evaluated on the held-out later panel 2025-04 BEFORE shipping: AUC 0.874, top-decile lift 5.0x (top 10% of predictions captured 49.6% of the CHOWs that actually closed in the next 12 months). Shipped coefficients are the evaluated ones; no post-holdout refit. Caveat: holdout positives (133) run below the training base rate because recent CHOWs surface in public records with a lag, so measured lift is conservative. Features are as-of-date public records: PBJ staffing level/trend/contract share (quarterly history to 2022Q1), deficiency and CMP counts (12m), ownership tenure and churn from CHOW-evidenced transactions, beds, occupancy, ownership type, chain size. Chain membership and ownership type are current-state (history not published). SFF and star ratings deliberately excluded (no as-of history). Notable learned direction: long ownership tenure RAISES sale odds and a recent prior CHOW lowers them. Score = probability x 100; grade is NULL because a probability is not a quality letter. Not in any composite. |
| regulatory risk | 59.9 | C | v0.3 | default · in composite | Deficiency-based, SNF population. Runs alongside v0.5-pos. |
| staffing risk | 48.5 | C | v0.3 | default · in composite | Cost-report staffing, SNF population. Runs alongside v0.4-pos, which covers ICF/IID from POS. |
| financial risk | 51.0 | C | v0.1 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later financial_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| financial risk | 31.0 | B | v0.2 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later financial_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| financial risk | 35.1 | B | v0.3 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later financial_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| financial risk | 28.1 | B | v0.4 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later financial_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| regulatory risk | 59.7 | C | v0.1 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later regulatory_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| regulatory risk | 59.7 | C | v0.2 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later regulatory_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| staffing risk | 48.5 | C | v0.1 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later staffing_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
| staffing risk | 48.5 | C | v0.2 | superseded | Pre-registry model iteration, superseded by a later staffing_risk rebuild. Rows retained for audit per project convention (see regulatory_risk v0.4-pos); never consumed because v_cii_api_facility_score and the composite eligibility join both require status = default. Backfilled 2026-07-26 by alert triage on model_registry_integrity. |
Rows with counts_toward_composite false come from models that are addressable or retracted rather than default. They exist and may be informative, but they did not enter the published composite and must not be summed as though they had.
CHOW radar — 12-month sale probability
full board →p(CHOW, 12m)
0.0%
model v0.1 · computed 2026-07-29
Percentile among SNFs
12.1
100 = most likely to sell
Holdout AUC
0.874
evaluated before shipping, never refit
| Driver | Value | Pull on odds | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current owner tenure (years) | 1.57 | -1.69 | |
| Never sold on record | 0.00 | -1.62 | |
| Ownership changes, last 5 years | 1.00 | -0.87 | |
| For-profit ownership | 1.00 | +0.69 | |
| No PBJ staffing report | 0.00 | +0.42 | |
| Occupancy | 0.81 | -0.33 | |
| Chain size (log) | 3.37 | +0.31 | |
| Contract staffing share | 0.14 | +0.12 |
p_adverse_action_12m: probability the facility's Medicare participation terminates within 12 months (any POS termination code; already-terminated facilities are excluded, not scored safe). Deterministic logistic over as-of-date public records, SNF only. Holdout (2025-04 panel, evaluated before shipping): AUC 0.971, top-decile lift 9.5x. Closures announce themselves: collapsing occupancy dominates, and fewer recent surveys is a winding-down signature. inputs.features holds raw feature values, inputs.contributions each feature's standardized pull on the log-odds. Predictions never enter the composite. See /v1/models. | p_chow_12m: probability of a change of ownership within 12 months. Deterministic logistic over as-of-date public records, SNF only. Holdout (2025-04 panel, evaluated before shipping): AUC 0.874, top-decile lift 5.0x. inputs.features holds raw feature values, inputs.contributions each feature's standardized pull on the log-odds. Predictions never enter the composite. See /v1/models for full notes.
Distress radar — 12-month termination probability
full board →p(termination, 12m)
0.0%
model v0.1 · computed 2026-07-29
Percentile among SNFs
0.0
100 = most likely to lose certification
Holdout AUC
0.971
top decile caught 95% of actual exits
| Driver | Value | Pull on odds | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chain size (log) | 3.37 | -0.76 | |
| For-profit ownership | 1.00 | -0.69 | |
| Fine amount, 12m (log) | 11.07 | -0.63 | |
| No PBJ staffing report | 0.00 | +0.39 | |
| Never sold on record | 0.00 | -0.28 | |
| Current owner tenure (years) | 1.57 | -0.28 | |
| Occupancy | 0.81 | -0.27 | |
| Deficiencies, last 12 months | 9.00 | -0.24 |
Probability the facility's Medicare participation ends within 12 months, from public records only. Red bars raise exit odds. A negative pull from deficiencies is the winding-down signature — surveys stop as a facility empties — not evidence that clean inspections are dangerous.
Staffing vs peers
16| 2025Q4 HPRD | This facility | TN median | National median | National p25–p75 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total nurse | 3.30 | 3.28 | 3.28 | 2.90–3.77 |
| RN | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.25–0.58 |
| Weekend total | 3.19 | 3.10 | 3.11 | — |
| Weekday total | 3.34 | 3.36 | 3.35 | — |
| Quarter | Days | Avg census | Total HPRD | RN | LPN | CNA | Weekend | Contract % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025Q4 | 92 | 63.4 | 3.30 | 0.32 | 1.05 | 1.94 | 3.19 | 14.2% |
| 2025Q3 | 92 | 66.3 | 3.06 | 0.39 | 0.80 | 1.87 | 2.91 | 16.3% |
| 2025Q2 | 91 | 67.5 | 2.84 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 1.86 | 2.64 | 2.3% |
| 2025Q1 | 90 | 65.1 | 2.87 | 0.34 | 0.76 | 1.77 | 2.63 | 0.0% |
| 2024Q4 | 92 | 71.2 | 2.85 | 0.21 | 0.81 | 1.83 | 2.64 | 0.0% |
| 2024Q3 | 92 | 70.4 | 2.90 | 0.30 | 0.71 | 1.89 | 2.71 | 0.0% |
| 2024Q2 | 91 | 70.3 | 2.86 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 1.80 | 2.60 | 0.0% |
| 2024Q1 | 91 | 70.6 | 2.73 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 1.63 | 2.57 | 0.0% |
| 2023Q4 | 92 | 67.7 | 3.04 | 0.28 | 0.91 | 1.85 | 2.89 | 0.0% |
| 2023Q3 | 92 | 69.7 | 3.06 | 0.26 | 0.77 | 2.02 | 2.80 | 0.0% |
| 2023Q2 | 91 | 68.8 | 2.97 | 0.23 | 0.92 | 1.82 | 2.72 | 0.5% |
| 2023Q1 | 90 | 69.5 | 2.96 | 0.20 | 0.82 | 1.93 | 2.78 | 0.5% |
| 2022Q4 | 92 | 60.9 | 3.24 | 0.22 | 0.92 | 2.10 | 2.94 | 0.0% |
| 2022Q3 | 92 | 67.0 | 3.10 | 0.20 | 1.03 | 1.87 | 2.84 | 12.3% |
| 2022Q2 | 91 | 63.3 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.85 | 6.0% |
| 2022Q1 | 90 | 61.4 | 2.92 | 0.24 | 0.93 | 1.75 | 2.70 | 6.0% |
HPRD is census-weighted: total hours over the quarter divided by total resident-days, not an average of daily ratios. Source is CMS Payroll-Based Journal daily records; only SNFs report PBJ, so other settings legitimately return zero rows.
Penalties
1| Date | Type | Fine | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-08-12 | Fine | $63,999 | CMS provider data |
Total fines on record: $63,999
Deficiencies
10D × 9J × 1
deficiencies by survey year
| Survey | Type | Tag | Deficiency | Scope | Corrected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0677 | Provide care and assistance to perform activities of daily living for any resident who is unable. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0684 | Provide appropriate treatment and care according to orders, resident’s preferences and goals. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health · complaint | F0686 | Provide appropriate pressure ulcer care and prevent new ulcers from developing. | J | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0689 | Ensure that a nursing home area is free from accident hazards and provides adequate supervision to prevent accidents. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0690 | Provide appropriate care for residents who are continent or incontinent of bowel/bladder, appropriate catheter care, and appropriate care to prevent urinary tract infections. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0726 | Ensure that nurses and nurse aides have the appropriate competencies to care for every resident in a way that maximizes each resident's well being. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0761 | Ensure drugs and biologicals used in the facility are labeled in accordance with currently accepted professional principles; and all drugs and biologicals must be stored in locked compartments, separately locked, compartments for controlled drugs. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0880 | Provide and implement an infection prevention and control program. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2025-08-12 | Health | F0921 | Make sure that the nursing home area is safe, easy to use, clean and comfortable for residents, staff and the public. | D | 2025-09-09 |
| 2018-10-24 | Health | F0695 | Provide safe and appropriate respiratory care for a resident when needed. | D | 2018-11-12 |
scope_severity uses the CMS letter grid: A is least serious, L most. J, K and L are immediate jeopardy. Rows are the surveyor's findings of record, not the model's opinion.
Licensure actions
0No licensure actions on record for this facility. Absence of a record here means the sources CII ingests contain none, not that none exists anywhere.
Ownership
19| Owner | Role | Pct | From | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1536 APPLING CARE LANE TN LLC | ADP OF THE SNF | — | 2024-12-19 | current | pecos_ownership |
| 1536 APPLING CARE LANE TN LLC | 5% OR GREATER MORTGAGE INTEREST | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| ABUTINEH, MOHAMMAD | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| CLAWSON, SCOTT | INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| EARL, STEVEN | INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| LINKS HEALTHCARE GROUP LLC | ADP OF THE SNF | — | 2025-01-02 | current | pecos_ownership |
| LINKS HEALTHCARE GROUP LLC | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2024-12-18 | current | pecos_ownership |
| RODRIGUEZ, CURTIS | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| SANOFSKY, JACK | INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| TILFORD, TOBY | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| WALLACE, STACEY | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2025-01-01 | current | pecos_ownership |
| LINKS HEALTHCARE GROUP LLC | 5% OR GREATER DIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | 100% | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| CURTIS RODRIGUEZ | 5% OR GREATER INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | 47% | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| TOBY TILFORD | 5% OR GREATER INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | 47% | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| SCOTT CLAWSON | INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | 4% | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| JACK SANOFSKY | INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | 2% | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| STEVEN EARL | INDIRECT OWNERSHIP INTEREST | 0% | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| MOHAMMAD ABUTINEH | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
| STACEY WALLACE | OPERATIONAL/MANAGERIAL CONTROL | — | 2025-01-01 | ended 2026-05-18 | pecos_ownership |
PECOS ownership and managing-control associations. Current edges have no end date in the source; historical edges are retained.
Transactions
1| Close date | Price | Buyer | Seller | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-01-01 | — | DOHENY BEACH HOLDINGS LLC | APPLINGWOOD HEALTHCARE CENTER LLC | chow |
Comparable trades — TN snf
12| Close | Facility | Price | $/bed | Cap rate | Beds | Buyer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-05-01 | WEXFORD HOUSE | — | — | — | 174 | WEXFORD OPERATING GROUP LLC |
| 2025-05-01 | LAUGHLIN HEALTH CARE CENTER | — | — | — | 90 | LAUGHLIN OPERATING GROUP LLC |
| 2025-02-01 | EATON CREEK POST ACUTE | — | — | — | 124 | NASHVILLE SNF HEALTHCARE LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | APPLINGWOOD POST ACUTEthis facility | — | — | — | 78 | DOHENY BEACH HOLDINGS LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | Meadowbrook Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center | — | — | — | 83 | BIG CREEK HEALTHCARE, INC. |
| 2025-01-01 | Westwood Nursing and Rehabilitation | — | — | — | 90 | BLACK WOLF HEALTHCARE LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | SHELBY OAKS POST ACUTE | — | — | — | 77 | EAGLE LAKE HOLDINGS LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | Stone River Post Acute | — | — | — | 68 | MURFREESBORO SNF HEALTHCARE LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | UNION CITY HEALTH AND REHABILITATION | — | — | — | 115 | TURNER HEALTHCARE INC |
| 2025-01-01 | Decatur County Healthcare | — | — | — | 125 | BEAR CREEK HEALTHCARE LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | COVINGTON POST ACUTE | — | — | — | 98 | FLORIDA BAY HOLDINGS LLC |
| 2025-01-01 | CYPRESS GROVE POST ACUTE | — | — | — | 170 | GOODHOPE BAY HOLDINGS LLC |
Most recent same-state, same-setting trades. Most CHOW-derived trades carry no disclosed consideration, so price, $/bed, and cap rate show only where a sale price was resolved from a deed or filing — blanks are honest, not missing data.
Market rent context
34| Geo | Kind | BR | Amount | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| county 47157 | acs median gross | 0 | $932 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| county 47157 | fmr | 0 | $1,060 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_FMR |
| county 47157 | acs median gross | 1 | $1,052 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| county 47157 | fmr | 1 | $1,154 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_FMR |
| county 47157 | acs median gross | 2 | $1,163 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| county 47157 | fmr | 2 | $1,274 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_FMR |
| county 47157 | acs median gross | 3 | $1,396 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| county 47157 | fmr | 3 | $1,683 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_FMR |
| county 47157 | acs median gross | 4 | $1,640 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| county 47157 | fmr | 4 | $1,959 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_FMR |
| county 47157 | acs median gross | 5 | $1,777 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| county 47157 | acs median gross | $1,232 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 | |
| county 47157 | acs recent mover gross | $1,412 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 | |
| zcta 38018 | acs median gross | 1 | $1,442 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| zcta 38018 | acs median gross | 2 | $1,574 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| zcta 38018 | acs median gross | 3 | $1,870 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| zcta 38018 | acs median gross | 4 | $2,083 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 |
| zcta 38018 | acs median gross | $1,716 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 | |
| zcta 38018 | acs recent mover gross | $1,755 | 2024-12-31 | CENSUS_ACS5 | |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 110 | 0 | $1,584 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 90 | 0 | $1,296 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | safmr | 0 | $1,440 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 110 | 1 | $1,727 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 90 | 1 | $1,413 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | safmr | 1 | $1,570 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 110 | 2 | $1,903 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 90 | 2 | $1,557 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | safmr | 2 | $1,730 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 110 | 3 | $2,508 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 90 | 3 | $2,052 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | safmr | 3 | $2,280 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 110 | 4 | $2,926 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | payment standard 90 | 4 | $2,394 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
| zip 38018 | safmr | 4 | $2,660 | 2025-10-01 | HUD_USER_SAFMR |
ACS median gross rents and HUD FMR/SAFMR for the facility's county and ZIP. Context for underwriting, not facility pricing.